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earthman_250hEarthman, G. (2013). Dr. Earthman wrote about the catastrophes that can occur at any place and for any reason. Within the past years an extraordinarily high number of catastrophic events have happened to public schools. From a high number of tornados to excessive flooding and unseasonable weather, the country has experienced a considerable number of very difficult environmental disasters that have adversely affected schools. These are never pleasant occurrences and it is the duty of education officials to ameliorate the subsequent devastation. Such was the case in a school system in Virginia where the roof of the gymnasium collapsed during a snowstorm in the middle of the school year. At the beginning of the spring semester, the high school students were without a place to continue their schooling. The planning efforts of the school authorities were strained for several reasons. Questions regarding the continued use of the high school building for the remainder of the year and where to put the student body for the rest of the year if the building was unusable were of utmost concern. The concerns and maneuvering of the various players in this drama are discussed in this article. In spite of the fact that this was a catastrophe to the various groups within and outside the school system, plans were made and executed so that all students were housed for the semester. The planning activities for the following year are set forth as well as the manner in which the school division staff conducted the effort and interacted with the community and governing body. The lessons that can be learned from the planning effort of this school staff are carefully analyzed and discussed.

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Dr. Glen I. Earthman possesses forty years experience in the field of education at all levels and thirty years of specialized experience in the educational facilities planning arena. He has taught extensively on the subject of educational facilities for over thirty years at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and has provided consultation to over seventy school districts regarding educational facilities planning. He has authored six books on the subject of educational facilities, several book chapters, and has published extensively in professional journals as well on this subject. He served as the first Director of the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities. He continues a schedule of teaching and research in the field of school facilities specializing in the relationship between school building condition and student and teacher health and performance.

 

Satterly, S. (2012). Retrieval Location

This article is a refresher of current best practices for tornado sheltering for schools, as well as an explanation of why they have become best practices. The process to change protocals so changes are made in a thoughtful and logical manner are described.

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Weeks (2010). 76 (6)

Because school business officials are pushed to make difficult decisions quickly when it comes to risk management, they should be aware of the issues associated with environmental safety. School business officials are integral members of the teams that handle crises--big and small--in the school district. A crisis may be as straightforward as the possibility of leeched arsenic all over the playground or polychlorinated biphenyls in the water from the playground's drinking fountain in the Liberty School District or it could be as complex as the sprawling disaster of Hurricane Katrina. This article presents the different teams that school business officials can expect to work with and be a part of when addressing environmental risks. By working with the entire district team, being up to date on legislation, and being proactive, school business officials can manage environmental risk before it turns up in the drinking water or on the playground. [For Part 1, see EJ904678.]

http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ904678.pdf

 

United States Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2010). (FEMA P-424)

This manual is the updated version of the original FEMA 424 published in January 2004. The original manual was the first of a series of publications (FEMA 577 – Design Guide for Improving Hospital Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds: Providing Protection to People and Building and FEMA 543 – Design Guide for Improving Critical Facility Safety from Flooding and High Winds,) to provide guidance for the protection of various types of structures from natural disasters. FEMA P-424 addresses the protection of schools and their occupants against natural hazards (earthquakes, floods, and high winds.) Its intended audience is design professionals and school officials involved in the technical and financial decisions of school construction, repair, and renovations.

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Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) (2009).

This booklet presents case studies of three schools that were struck by tornadoes. The resulting damage to these schools was examined by teams of structural engineers, building scientists, engineering and architectural faculties, building administrators, and representatives of the architectural firms that designed the buildings. From these and other examinations, guidance has been developed for selecting the safest areas in existing buildings – areas that may offer protection if a tornado strikes – referred to in this booklet as the best available refuge areas. The guidance presented in this booklet is intended primarily to help building administrators, architects, and engineers select the best available refuge areas in existing schools. Building administrators, architects, and engineers are encouraged to apply this guidance so that the number of injuries and deaths will be minimized if a tornado strikes an occupied school.

http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1456-20490-4099/fema_p_431.pdf

Lanham, C. (2009). 75 (6)

The tiny town of Niangua, Missouri, made national headlines in 2008 when a rare cluster of winter tornadoes tore across the state on an unseasonably warm January night. The twisters killed a Niangua woman in her trailer home and destroyed numerous other structures. News photos of the trailer debris were a sobering reminder of the vulnerability of the town's youngest residents: preschoolers who regularly attended class in a double-wide trailer only one mile away. Just a little over a year later, the town is making national headlines again, but this time the news is good. This article discusses the revolutionary steel-reinforced concrete dome that the Niangua R-V School District is building. It will serve as the district's new preschool classroom and double as the town's disaster shelter. The building's unique shape and ability to offer near-absolute protection from tornadoes is noteworthy. But what gives this project national prominence is that the dome building is being constructed with a $300,000 grant from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The project's federal funding is sparking hope among superintendents in other disaster-prone school districts that more government money may soon be in the pipeline to fund what is known as predisaster mitigation efforts. Those are funds earmarked to help a community "before" disaster strikes, and could become more of a priority in the Obama administration.

http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ919337.pdf

United States Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2008). (FEMA P-754)

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) strives continuously to improve the delivery of disaster assistance to State, local, and tribal governments. One important goal of disaster assistance is to reduce the vulnerability of communities to damage from future disasters. This Wildfire Hazard Mitigation Handbook for Public Facilities (Handbook) is intended to assist facility owners affected by wildfire disasters by suggesting mitigation measures that can be taken to reduce the vulnerability of damaged facilities to future wildfire incidents. The measures described in this Handbook are applicable to the Public Assistance (PA) Program and are intended to help Applicants for assistance under the program identify options that can be implemented during post-disaster repair and rebuilding to reduce the potential for future damage.

http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1715-25045-2934/fema_p_754.pdf

 

The linked campus of Soaring Heights Elementary and East Middle School opened in Joplin in early January. Both schools needed to be rebuilt after they were struck by the May 2011 tornado that devastated the Joplin community and killed 161 people. In total, 10 buildings in the Joplin School District were damaged due to the tornado.

http://www.schoolconstructionnews.com/articles/2014/02/13/joplin-schools-rebuilt-on-same-site